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Purpose To compare the diagnostic value of thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) made out by American College of Radiology (ACR TI-RADS) and Kwak (Kwak TI-RADS) on thyroid nodules.Materials and Methods Clinical data and preoperative ultrasound images of 920 patients with thyroid nodules (in total 1130 nodules) were retrospectively analyzed.The nodules were classified according to two TI-RADS standards and performance curves of the subjects were constructed with surgical pathological results as golden standards.Diagnostic value of two TI-RADS on thyroid nodules was analyzed and diagnostic efficiency was compared.Results For the 1130 thyroid nodules,malignant rate for 1-5 category patients classified by ACR TI-RADS was 0,0,8.4％,50.9％ and 88.4％,respectively;and that for 2-5 category patients (2,3,4a,4b,4c,5) classified by Kwak TI-RADS was 0,1.2％,9.1％,50.0％,87.8％ and 89.5％,respectively.Susceptibility,specificity,positive predictive value (PPV) negative predictive value (NPV) accuracy and area under curve (AUC) of benign and malignant thyroid nodules diagnosed by Kwak TI-RADS were 95.7％,77.9％,75.5％,96.3％,85.3％ and 0.925,respectively.Susceptibility,specificity,PPV,NPV,accuracy and AUC of benign and malignant thyroid nodules diagnosed by ACR TI-RADS were 97.0％,73.2％,72.0％,97.2％,83.1％ and 0.918,respectively.A statistical difference in specificity was shown between ACR TI-RADS and Kwak TI-RADS (P＜0.05).but no statistical difference in susceptibility,PPV,NPV,acuracy or AUC was found between the two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion The two TI-RADS were of quite high value in diagnosing benign and malignant thyroid nodules.Kwak TI-RADS was of higher specificity compared with ACR TI-RADS.
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Ultrasonography is considered as the preferred imaging method in diagnosis of thyroid nodules,which can quickly locate thyroid nodules and assess the size,shape,internal structure,echo level of thyroid nodules and surrounding lymph nodes.New technology of elasticity imaging and CEUS can respectively evaluate the hardness and blood supply of thyroid nodules,being helpful to nature diagnose of nodules.The progresses of ultrasound in diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules were reviewed in this article.
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Objective To study the application value of ultrasound(US) examination for evaluating the knee joint status in the patients with hemophilia.Methods The US examination data of 44 patients (70 knee joints) with hemophilia were collected,among them 11 cases aged below 18 years old,16 knee joints completed the MRI examination,meanwhile the knee joint health status was evaluated by adopting the 2.1 version of hemophilia joint health assessment (HJHS) form.Then the correlation between the US score with the age and bleeding times and the relation between MRI score with HJHS score were analyzed.Results The severity of hemophilia arthropathy had no obvious correlation with hemophilia severity (F=0.013,P =0.987).With the age increase and bleeding frequency increase,the knee joint lesion was aggravated.The detection of early synovial thickening and cartilage change in arthropathy had no obvious difference between US and MRI examinations(P＞0.05);the obvious correlation existed among US score,MRI score and HJHS (P＜0.05).Conclusion US has an important significance for the early diagnosis of hemophilic arthropathy.
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Objective To study the application value of ultrasound(US) examination for evaluating the knee joint status in the patients with hemophilia.Methods The US examination data of 44 patients (70 knee joints) with hemophilia were collected,among them 11 cases aged below 18 years old,16 knee joints completed the MRI examination,meanwhile the knee joint health status was evaluated by adopting the 2.1 version of hemophilia joint health assessment (HJHS) form.Then the correlation between the US score with the age and bleeding times and the relation between MRI score with HJHS score were analyzed.Results The severity of hemophilia arthropathy had no obvious correlation with hemophilia severity (F=0.013,P =0.987).With the age increase and bleeding frequency increase,the knee joint lesion was aggravated.The detection of early synovial thickening and cartilage change in arthropathy had no obvious difference between US and MRI examinations(P＞0.05);the obvious correlation existed among US score,MRI score and HJHS (P＜0.05).Conclusion US has an important significance for the early diagnosis of hemophilic arthropathy.
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Objective To prepare HCC-targeted lipid ultrasound microbubble containing 10-hydroxycamptothecin (10-HCPT), and to assess its targeting function in vitro. Methods After the biotinylated monoclonal antibody Hab18 was prepared, the biotinylated degree was determined. Microbubbles containing 10-HCPT were prepared by mechanical vibration. Then the biotinylated antibody was attached to the surface of the microbubbles by avidin-biotin interaction. The physical property, entrapment efficiency and the drug-loading amounts of 10-HCPT lipid microbubbles were determined. The combination of biotinylated Hab18 with microbubbles containing 10-HCPT was proved by immunofluorescent assay, and the targeting function of the targeted microbubbles containing 10-HCPT was observed with light microscope, served non-targeted microbubbles as control group. Results About 13 biotin molecules were coupled to each antibody in average. The disposition of the prepared microbubbles was steady and the mean diameter was 1.52 μm. The drug entrapment efficiency was 76.32% and the drug-loading amounts was 21.81%. Red fluorescence was observed at the edge of the microbubbles in immunofluorescent assay, and the conjugation of the targeted microbubbles containing 10-HCPT with 7721 cells was tight while control group was negative. Conclusion HCC-targeted lipid ultrasound microbubbles containing 10-HPTC can be prepared successfully, with higher entrapment efficiency and drug-loading amounts and strong targeting function in vitro.
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Objective To preparation a kind of Herceptin loaded and breast cancer targeted high molecular polymer ultrasound contrast agent and investigate their affinity for breast cancer in vitro. Methods The high molecular polymer PLGA-COOH ultrasound contrast agents were produced by the double emulsion technique. Herceptin was covalently linked to the PLGA-COOH nanoparticle surface using a carbodiimide technique. Its physical property was determined. The combination of Herceptin with the PLGA-COOH nanoparticle was proved by immunofluorescent assay,and the PLGA-COOH nanoparticle targeting specifity to breast cancer cells was observed with light microscope and confocal microscope,normal PLGA-COOH nanoparticle was served as control group. Results The diameter range of targeted high molecular polymer ultrasound contrast agents was 466.8～857.6 nm, the average diameter was (662.2 ± 69. 7) nm,85.9% of the diameter was in the range. Green punctiform fluorescence was observed by fluorescence microscope,and the conjugation of the targeted high molecular polymer ultrasound contrast agents with MCF-7 cells was tight while the conjugation in control group was negative. Conclusions The Herceptin loaded PLGA-COOH targeted ultrasound contrast agents was prepared successfully. The targeted ultrasound contrast agents can bind to breast cancer effectively in vitro.
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Objective To investigate the time-effect relationship of angiogenesis induced by ultrasound.mediated microbubble destruction in the skeletal muscle of rats.Methods Forty-eight healthy SD rats were divided into 4 groups:ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction group,ultrasound only group,microbubble only group and control group.In ultrasound-mediated mierobubble destruction group, microbubbles were inj ected by vein at a dose of 0.5 ml and the target skeletal muscle was radiated at 2.0W/cm2.In ultrasound only group,the target skeletal muscle was radiated at 2.0 W/cm2.In microbubble only group.microbubbles were injected by vein at a dose of 0.5 ml.The control rats were without ultrasound radiation and microbubbles.On the 3rd,7th,10th,14th,21st and 28th day after the ultrasound radiation,two rats in each group were sacrificed and the target skeletal muscle was harvested for HE staining to observe the microstructure of tissue,immunohistochemistry staining was used to count the microvessel density (MVD),enzyme 1inked inmmunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect the expression of vascular endothelial grouth factor(VEGF).Results Angiogenesis was significant in ultrasound-mediated mierobubhle destruction group,but a little in ultrasound only group.There was not any angiogenesis in either microbubble only group or control group.MVD and VEGF expression of ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction group arrived at a peak on the 1Oth day as well as on the 14th day of ultrasound group.Conclusions Ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction can facilliate the endogenous secretion of VEGF quickly and more,and accelerate the angiogenesis in the skeletal muscle.
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Objective To prepare a nano-lipid ultrasound-enhanced contrast agent,then compare it with common-lipid microbubbles to evaluate its enhancement effects.Methods Misce bene a certain proportion of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine(DPPC),distearoyl phosphatidylcholine(DSPE),diphenyl phosphoryl azide(DPPA)and mannitol,incubation them,freeze and thawing some times repeatedly,then used machine succession to prepare the nano-lipid microbubble,observed its base physical properties like morphous,size and surface potential.Healthy rabbit livers were imaged before and after intravenous injection of 2.5 ml/kg of two contrast agents(nano-lipid and common-lipid)in succession,observed the dynamic enhancement effects of the grey scale imaging of the livers and evaluated them subjectively,then used the ultrasonographic quantitative analisis system in type DFY for detecting and analysing the enhancement effects.Results The mean diameter of the nano-lipid microbubbles was 415.8 nm and the surface potential was-(13.7±1.6)mV.The nano-lipid microbubbles could greatly enhance the grey scale imaging of the liver,compare with the common-lipid bubbles,their to-peak-time was later,the peak-continous-time was shorter,the enhancement effects persistence time was longer,its peak intensity was lower than the commonlipid bubbles.Conclusions The self-made nano-lipid microbubbles have a good shape and uniform distribution,they can enhance the grey scale imaging of the liver greatly and provide a protophase foundation for targeting research of tumors.
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Objective To study the effects of poly lacticoglycolic acid(PLGA) ultrasound contrast agent on tumor lymph node imaging and its mechanism.Methods PLGA ultrasound contrast agent was made by double emulsion method; VX2 tumor cells were harvested from carrier rabbits and inoculated in the thigh of healthy New Zealand White rabbits. Implants were allowed to grow for 14 to 18 days before imaging. Popliteal lymph nodes were imaged as the injection sites were massaged. And macrophages were used to investigate the mechanism for lymph node enhancement. Results PLGA ultrasound contrast agent had a tight size distribution. Tumor lymph node was significantly enhanced by PLGA ultrasound contrast agent. Macrophages experiment showed that macrophages could phagocyte lots of PLGA ultrasound contrast agents.Conclusions PLGA ultrasound contrast agent is good for lymph node imaging. The possible mechanism for lymph node enhancement is that macrophages in lymph node can phagocyte lots of PLGA contrast agents, which causes the concentration of PLGA contrast agent in lymph node.